EVS Previous year question paper BHM 2ND SEMESTER

1. Write the cause of loss of biodiversity.
Biodiversity loss is primarily driven by the following factors:

• Habitat Destruction: Deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion lead to the loss and fragmentation of habitats, making it difficult for species to survive and reproduce.
• Climate Change: Alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns disrupt ecosystems and species’ natural habitats.
• Pollution: Contaminants from industrial and agricultural activities can poison wildlife and degrade habitats.
• Overexploitation: Overfishing, hunting, and poaching reduce species populations faster than they can replenish.
• Invasive Species: Non-native species introduced to new environments can outcompete, prey on, or bring diseases to native species.

2. Explain the Wildlife Protection Act.
The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, is an Indian legislation enacted to ensure the protection of wild animals, birds, and plants. The Act:

• Establishes protected areas like wildlife sanctuaries and national parks to conserve wildlife habitats.
• Prohibits the hunting of endangered species and regulates the hunting of other species through licenses.
• Restricts trade and commerce in wild animals and animal products.
• Provides for the establishment of wildlife advisory boards for better implementation of the Act.
• Empowers the government to take measures for the conservation of threatened species and their habitats.

3. Mention drawbacks of wind energy.
Wind energy, despite being a renewable and clean energy source, has several drawbacks:

• Intermittency: Wind does not blow consistently, leading to fluctuations in power generation.
• Visual and Noise Impact: Wind turbines can be considered unsightly and generate noise, affecting local communities.
• Wildlife Threats: Turbines pose risks to flying wildlife, particularly birds and bats.
• High Initial Costs: The setup costs for wind farms are significant, including investment in infrastructure and technology.
• Land Use: Large areas are required to install wind farms, which can impact land availability for other uses.

4. State major components of an ecosystem.
An ecosystem comprises biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact with each other:

• Biotic Components: Include all living organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms.
• Abiotic Components: Non-living elements such as water, air, soil, temperature, and sunlight.
• Producers (Autotrophs): Typically plants and algae that synthesize their own food through photosynthesis.
• Consumers (Heterotrophs): Animals that depend on other organisms for food, including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
• Decomposers: Organisms like bacteria and fungi that break down dead matter, returning nutrients to the soil.

5. What are the causes of soil pollution?
Soil pollution occurs due to:

• Industrial Waste: Discharge of hazardous chemicals from factories contaminates the soil.
• Agricultural Activities: Excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides leads to soil contamination.
• Deforestation: Leads to soil erosion and the loss of nutrient-rich topsoil.
• Waste Disposal: Improper disposal of household and industrial waste, including plastics and electronic waste, pollutes the soil.
• Mining Activities: Extraction processes leave behind toxic substances that degrade soil quality.

6. Why is it necessary to enact environmental laws?
Environmental laws are crucial for several reasons:

• Protection of Ecosystems: Laws help preserve natural habitats and biodiversity by regulating human activities.
• Public Health: Environmental regulations reduce pollution, protecting air, water, and soil quality, which is essential for human health.
• Sustainable Development: Ensures that economic development proceeds in a way that does not compromise the environment for future generations.
• Prevention of Resource Overuse: Laws help manage natural resources sustainably, preventing depletion and degradation.
• Addressing Global Issues: Climate change, ozone depletion, and other global environmental issues require coordinated legal frameworks for effective management.

7. How does ozone protect the life on Earth?
The ozone layer in the Earth’s stratosphere plays a vital role in shielding life from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun:

• Absorbs UV-B and UV-C: Ozone absorbs the majority of the sun’s harmful UV-B and UV-C rays, preventing them from reaching the Earth’s surface.
• Prevents Skin Cancer: By blocking UV radiation, the ozone layer reduces the incidence of skin cancers and cataracts in humans.
• Protects Ecosystems: UV radiation can damage the DNA of living organisms; ozone thus protects both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from harmful effects.
• Maintains Climate Balance: The ozone layer also influences temperature regulation in the stratosphere, contributing to climate stability.

8. What do you mean by watershed management?
Watershed management involves the sustainable management of the natural resources within a watershed to enhance the availability and quality of water, soil conservation, and biodiversity:

• Water Conservation: Implements practices to improve water retention, reduce runoff, and recharge groundwater.
• Soil Erosion Control: Uses vegetation cover and contour farming to prevent soil erosion and maintain soil fertility.
• Pollution Control: Reduces agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, and domestic waste that could contaminate water bodies.
• Community Involvement: Engages local communities in managing water resources and implementing sustainable land use practices.
• Integrated Approach: Considers the interrelationship between land, water, and human activities for holistic management.

9. Write the reasons for changing climate.
Climate change is driven by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors:

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) releases CO₂ and other greenhouse gases, trapping heat in the atmosphere.
• Deforestation: Reduces the planet’s ability to absorb CO₂, contributing to higher atmospheric carbon levels.
• Industrial Activities: Emissions from factories and transportation contribute significantly to global warming.
• Agricultural Practices: Livestock farming produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and intensive agriculture releases nitrous oxide.
• Natural Factors: Volcanic eruptions, variations in solar radiation, and natural climate cycles can also influence climate patterns.

10. Give detail on resources.
Resources are assets or materials that are useful and valuable to humans. They are classified based on their availability and renewability:

• Natural Resources: Derived from the environment, including water, minerals, forests, and fossil fuels.
• Renewable Resources: Can be replenished naturally over short periods, such as sunlight, wind, and biomass.
• Non-renewable Resources: Exist in finite quantities and cannot be replenished within a human timeframe, such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
• Human Resources: Skills, knowledge, and abilities possessed by people, essential for economic development.
• Capital Resources: Man-made assets used in the production of goods and services, such as machinery, buildings, and infrastructure.
• Cultural Resources: Elements that represent cultural heritage and values, including artifacts, traditions, and languages.

PART B

11. What are Energy Resources? Give a detailed account of the uses and over-exploitation of energy resources.

Energy Resources: Energy resources are natural sources from which energy can be extracted or generated for human use. They include fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear energy, and renewable sources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass).

Uses of Energy Resources:

• Electricity Generation: Most power plants rely on energy resources to produce electricity.
• Transportation: Fossil fuels are essential for running vehicles, airplanes, and ships.
• Heating and Cooling: Energy is used to regulate temperature in homes, offices, and industries.
• Industrial Processes: Manufacturing and processing industries consume significant amounts of energy.

Over-Exploitation:

• Fossil Fuels: The extraction and consumption of coal, oil, and natural gas have led to their rapid depletion and environmental degradation.
• Deforestation: For biofuel and to clear land for agriculture, leading to habitat loss and reduced carbon sequestration.
• Water Resources: Overuse of hydro resources affects ecosystems and local communities.
• Impact on Climate: Excessive use of fossil fuels contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.

To mitigate these issues, there is a growing emphasis on transitioning to sustainable energy practices and developing renewable energy technologies.

12. Define Biodiversity. Discuss the factors affecting biodiversity.

Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, encompassing genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It includes all forms of life, from microorganisms to plants and animals, and the ecosystems they form.

Factors Affecting Biodiversity:

• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Due to deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion.
• Climate Change: Alters habitats and ecosystems, forcing species to migrate or adapt.
• Pollution: Contaminants from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources degrade habitats.
• Overexploitation: Excessive hunting, fishing, and harvesting reduce species populations.
• Invasive Species: Non-native species can outcompete, prey on, or bring diseases to native species.
• Disease: Epidemics and pandemics can significantly reduce species populations.

Conservation efforts are critical to protect and restore biodiversity, ensuring ecosystem resilience and human well-being.

13. What is pollution, and what are the causes of water pollution, and how to prevent it?

Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment, causing adverse effects on living organisms and ecosystems.

Causes of Water Pollution:

• Industrial Discharges: Factories release pollutants such as heavy metals, chemicals, and toxins into water bodies.
• Agricultural Runoff: Pesticides, fertilizers, and animal waste wash

PART A

1. Write the cause of loss of biodiversity.
Biodiversity loss is caused by several factors:

• Habitat Destruction: Activities like deforestation, urban sprawl, and agriculture convert natural habitats into altered landscapes, reducing the living space for many species.
• Climate Change: Shifts in temperature and weather patterns alter habitats and force species to adapt, migrate, or face extinction.
• Pollution: Contaminants such as pesticides, plastics, and industrial waste can degrade habitats and harm organisms.
• Overexploitation: Excessive hunting, fishing, and harvesting reduce populations faster than they can recover.
• Invasive Species: Non-native species introduced into ecosystems can outcompete, prey on, or introduce diseases to native species.

2. Explain the Wildlife Protection Act.
The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 in India aims to safeguard the country’s wild plants and animals. Key features include:

• Protection Measures: Bans hunting of endangered species and regulates hunting of other species.
• Protected Areas: Establishes wildlife sanctuaries and national parks to conserve habitats.
• Regulation of Trade: Controls trade in wildlife and products derived from them.
• Penalties: Imposes penalties for poaching, illegal trade, and destruction of habitats.
• Conservation Authorities: Sets up advisory boards and enforcement agencies for implementation.

3. Mention drawbacks of wind energy.
Wind energy, while renewable and clean, has some drawbacks:

• Intermittency: Wind is not constant, leading to variability in energy supply.
• Visual and Noise Impact: Wind turbines can be considered eyesores and generate noise, affecting local communities.
• Wildlife Risks: Turbines pose dangers to birds and bats, leading to fatalities.
• High Initial Costs: Significant investment is required for installation and infrastructure.
• Land Use: Requires large tracts of land, which might conflict with other land uses.

4. State major components of an ecosystem.
An ecosystem consists of:

• Biotic Components: Living organisms including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
• Abiotic Components: Non-living elements like water, soil, air, and sunlight.
• Producers: Typically plants and algae that convert solar energy into food through photosynthesis.
• Consumers: Organisms that consume other living things for energy, including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
• Decomposers: Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that break down dead matter and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.

5. What are the causes of soil pollution?
Soil pollution is caused by:

• Industrial Waste: Disposal of toxic chemicals from factories can contaminate soil.
• Agricultural Practices: Overuse of pesticides and fertilizers leads to soil contamination.
• Urbanization: Construction and waste disposal in urban areas contribute to soil degradation.
• Mining: Extraction activities often leave behind harmful residues.
• Deforestation: Loss of vegetation cover leads to erosion and nutrient loss in soil.

6. Why is it necessary to enact environmental law?
Environmental laws are essential for:

• Protecting Ecosystems: They help conserve natural habitats and biodiversity.
• Public Health: Regulate pollutants to ensure clean air, water, and soil, protecting human health.
• Sustainable Development: Ensure that economic growth does not compromise environmental integrity for future generations.
• Resource Management: Prevent over-exploitation of natural resources, ensuring their long-term availability.
• Global Cooperation: Address international environmental issues like climate change and ozone depletion through coordinated efforts.

7. How does ozone protect the life on Earth?
The ozone layer protects life on Earth by:

• Absorbing UV Radiation: It absorbs most of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV-B and UV-C) rays, preventing them from reaching the Earth’s surface.
• Reducing Health Risks: By filtering UV radiation, it lowers the incidence of skin cancers, cataracts, and other UV-related health issues in humans.
• Protecting Ecosystems: UV radiation can damage the DNA of plants and animals; the ozone layer helps safeguard terrestrial and aquatic life.
• Climate Regulation: It contributes to the thermal structure of the stratosphere, influencing weather and climate patterns.

8. What do you mean by watershed management?
Watershed management involves the comprehensive management of water, soil, and other resources within a watershed to achieve sustainable environmental and economic outcomes:

• Water Conservation: Implementing measures to improve water availability and quality.
• Soil Erosion Control: Using techniques like reforestation and terracing to prevent soil loss and degradation.
• Pollution Prevention: Reducing pollutants from agricultural runoff, industrial discharges, and urban waste.
• Community Engagement: Involving local communities in managing and protecting watershed resources.
• Integrated Approach: Coordinating land use, water use, and human activities to maintain ecosystem health and function.

9. Write the reasons for changing climate.
Climate change is driven by:

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Burning fossil fuels for energy releases CO₂ and other greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
• Deforestation: Clearing forests reduces the number of trees that can absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere.
• Industrial Activities: Manufacturing processes emit large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
• Agricultural Practices: Livestock produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and intensive farming releases nitrous oxide.
• Natural Processes: Volcanic eruptions, ocean currents, and solar radiation cycles also influence the Earth’s climate.

10. Give detail on resources.
Resources are assets used by humans for various purposes. They can be classified into:

• Natural Resources: Originating from the environment, including water, minerals, forests, and fossil fuels.
• Renewable Resources: Can be replenished naturally over short periods, such as solar, wind, and biomass energy.
• Non-renewable Resources: Exist in finite amounts and are depleted by use, such as oil, coal, and natural gas.
• Human Resources: Skills, knowledge, and abilities of people that contribute to economic productivity.
• Capital Resources: Man-made tools, machines, and infrastructure used in the production of goods and services.
• Cultural Resources: Heritage, traditions, and cultural values that enrich societies and contribute to identity and continuity.

PART B

11. What are Energy Resources? Give a detailed account of the uses and over-exploitation of energy resources.

Energy Resources: These are sources from which energy is derived to meet the needs of human activities. They include fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear energy, and renewable resources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass).

Uses of Energy Resources:

• Electricity Generation: Power plants convert energy resources into electricity for residential, commercial, and industrial use.
• Transportation: Fuels like gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel power vehicles, airplanes, and ships.
• Heating and Cooling: Natural gas, electricity, and other resources are used for space heating, cooling, and water heating.
• Industrial Processes: Manufacturing and production processes rely heavily on energy for operation.

Over-Exploitation of Energy Resources:

• Fossil Fuels: The extraction and use of coal, oil, and natural gas have led to their depletion and significant environmental damage, including greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming.
• Deforestation for Bioenergy: Clearing forests for biofuel production reduces biodiversity and carbon sequestration.
• Water Resources for Hydro Power: Excessive exploitation of rivers for hydroelectric power affects aquatic ecosystems and displaces communities.
• Nuclear Energy Risks: While providing large amounts of power, nuclear energy carries risks of accidents and long-term radioactive waste.

Sustainable management and a shift towards renewable energy sources are necessary to mitigate these impacts and ensure long-term availability of energy.

12. Define Biodiversity. Discuss the factors affecting biodiversity.

Biodiversity: This term encompasses the variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes and species to ecosystems. It includes the diversity within species (genetic diversity), between species (species diversity), and between ecosystems (ecosystem diversity).

Factors Affecting Biodiversity:

• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Conversion of natural habitats for agriculture, urban development, and infrastructure leads to a decline in species and genetic diversity.
• Climate Change: Alters temperature and precipitation patterns, impacting species’ survival and forcing migrations.
• Pollution: Contaminants from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources degrade ecosystems and harm wildlife.
• Overexploitation: Unsustainable fishing, hunting, and logging reduce species populations and alter ecosystem dynamics.
• Invasive Species: Introduction of non-native species disrupts local ecosystems by outcompeting, predating on, or introducing diseases to native species.
• Land Use Changes: Urbanization, deforestation, and intensive farming alter landscapes and reduce habitat quality and availability.

Conservation efforts such as protected areas, habitat restoration, and sustainable resource management are crucial to preserving biodiversity.

13. What is pollution, and what are the causes of water pollution, and how to prevent it?

Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or energies into the environment, causing adverse effects on living organisms and natural systems.

Causes of Water Pollution:

• Industrial Discharges: Factories release pollutants like heavy metals, chemicals, and toxins into water bodies.
• Agricultural Runoff: Pesticides, fertilizers, and animal waste wash into rivers and lakes, causing nutrient pollution and eutrophication.
• Sewage and Wastewater: Untreated or inadequately treated sewage can introduce pathogens and organic pollutants into water bodies.
• Plastic Waste: Improperly disposed plastic products break down into microplastics, contaminating water ecosystems.
• Oil Spills: Accidental spills from oil drilling and transport can severely damage

PART A

1. Write the cause of loss of biodiversity.

Loss of biodiversity is driven by several interrelated factors:

• Habitat Destruction: Conversion of natural habitats into agricultural land, urban areas, or infrastructure development reduces the space available for species to thrive.
• Climate Change: Alters habitats and weather patterns, making it difficult for species to adapt and survive.
• Pollution: Contaminants like pesticides, plastics, and industrial waste can poison wildlife and degrade ecosystems.
• Overexploitation: Unsustainable fishing, hunting, and logging diminish populations faster than they can recover.
• Invasive Species: Non-native species can outcompete, prey on, or bring diseases to native species, disrupting local ecosystems.

2. Explain the Wildlife Protection Act.

The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 is a comprehensive legislation enacted in India aimed at safeguarding the country’s wild animals, birds, and plant species. Key features include:

• Prohibition of Hunting: The Act bans the hunting of endangered species and regulates the hunting of other animals through licensing.
• Protected Areas: Establishes wildlife sanctuaries and national parks for habitat conservation.
• Trade Regulation: Controls and restricts the trade of wildlife and their products to prevent exploitation.
• Conservation Measures: Encourages the preservation and breeding of endangered species.
• Penalties: Imposes strict penalties for violations such as poaching and illegal trading of wildlife.

3. Mention drawbacks of wind energy.

While wind energy is a clean and renewable power source, it has some disadvantages:

• Intermittency: Wind does not blow consistently, leading to unreliable energy production.
• Visual and Noise Impact: Wind turbines can be visually intrusive and produce noise, impacting nearby communities.
• Wildlife Risks: Wind farms can pose threats to birds and bats, leading to fatalities.
• High Initial Costs: The setup and installation costs for wind turbines are substantial.
• Land Use: Wind farms require significant land, which can compete with other land uses.

4. State major components of an ecosystem.

An ecosystem consists of:

• Biotic Components: All living organisms within the ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
• Abiotic Components: Non-living elements such as water, air, soil, and sunlight.
• Producers (Autotrophs): Organisms like plants and algae that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
• Consumers (Heterotrophs): Animals that consume other organisms for energy, including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
• Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi that break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil.

5. What are the causes of soil pollution?

Soil pollution arises from:

• Industrial Waste: Disposal of toxic chemicals and heavy metals from factories into the soil.
• Agricultural Activities: Excessive use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers contaminates the soil.
• Urban Waste: Improper disposal of household and municipal waste contributes to soil contamination.
• Deforestation: Leads to soil erosion and loss of fertile topsoil.
• Mining Activities: Release harmful substances into the soil during extraction processes.

6. Why is it necessary to enact environmental law?

Environmental laws are essential for:

• Protecting Natural Resources: Ensure sustainable management and conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Public Health: Reduce pollution and contamination to protect human health.
• Sustainable Development: Balance economic growth with environmental preservation for future generations.
• Preventing Overexploitation: Regulate the use of resources to prevent their depletion and degradation.
• Addressing Global Issues: Facilitate coordinated responses to global challenges like climate change and ozone depletion.

7. How does ozone protect the life on Earth?

The ozone layer in the stratosphere serves a crucial protective role:

• Absorbs UV Radiation: It absorbs the majority of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV-B and UV-C) rays, preventing them from reaching the Earth’s surface.
• Prevents Skin Cancers: By blocking UV radiation, it reduces the risk of skin cancers and other UV-related health issues in humans.
• Protects Ecosystems: Shielding from UV radiation helps preserve plant and animal life, especially in aquatic ecosystems.
• Climate Regulation: The ozone layer contributes to the stability of atmospheric temperatures, influencing weather and climate patterns.

8. What do you mean by watershed management?

Watershed management involves the integrated management of all the natural resources within a watershed area to maintain its health and functionality. Key aspects include:

• Water Conservation: Implementing practices to improve water retention and reduce runoff.
• Soil Erosion Control: Using techniques like planting vegetation and building terraces to prevent soil erosion.
• Pollution Control: Reducing contaminants from agricultural, industrial, and urban sources.
• Community Engagement: Involving local communities in sustainable land and water use practices.
• Integrated Planning: Coordinating activities and policies to protect water resources and maintain ecological balance.

9. Write the reasons for changing climate.

Climate change is primarily driven by:

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) releases CO₂ and other greenhouse gases, trapping heat in the atmosphere.
• Deforestation: Reduces the number of trees that can absorb CO₂, increasing atmospheric carbon levels.
• Industrial Activities: Emissions from manufacturing, transportation, and energy production contribute significantly to global warming.
• Agricultural Practices: Livestock farming produces methane, and the use of fertilizers releases nitrous oxide, both potent greenhouse gases.
• Natural Factors: Volcanic eruptions, solar radiation changes, and natural climatic cycles can also influence climate patterns.

10. Give detail on resources.

Resources are materials or assets that can be utilized to produce goods and services or fulfill human needs. They are categorized as:

• Natural Resources: Elements from nature, such as water, minerals, forests, and fossil fuels.
• Renewable Resources: Replenished naturally over short periods, including sunlight, wind, and biomass.
• Non-renewable Resources: Exist in finite quantities and are depleted by use, such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
• Human Resources: Skills, knowledge, and labor that people contribute to economic production.
• Capital Resources: Man-made tools, machinery, and infrastructure used in producing goods and services.
• Cultural Resources: Intangible assets like heritage, traditions, and languages that enrich societies.

PART B

11. What are Energy Resources? Give a detailed account of the uses and over-exploitation of energy resources.

Energy Resources: These are natural sources from which energy is extracted for human use. They include fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear energy, and renewables (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass).

Uses of Energy Resources:

• Electricity Generation: Power plants convert various energy resources into electricity.
• Transportation: Fuels derived from energy resources power vehicles, airplanes, and ships.
• Heating and Cooling: Energy is used for residential, commercial, and industrial temperature control.
• Industrial Processes: Manufacturing and production rely heavily on energy for machinery and operations.

Over-Exploitation:

• Fossil Fuels: Over-reliance on coal, oil, and natural gas leads to depletion and environmental degradation, including greenhouse gas emissions.
• Deforestation: Forests are cleared for biofuel production and agricultural expansion, leading to habitat loss and increased carbon emissions.
• Water Resources: Excessive use of hydro resources for power and irrigation affects ecosystems and depletes water tables.
• Nuclear Energy: While efficient, it poses risks of radioactive contamination and long-term waste management challenges.

Transitioning to sustainable energy sources and improving energy efficiency are essential to address these issues and ensure a balanced energy future.

12. Define Biodiversity. Discuss the factors affecting biodiversity.

Biodiversity: This term encompasses the variety of all forms of life on Earth, including the diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.

Factors Affecting Biodiversity:

• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Destruction of natural habitats for agriculture, urban development, and infrastructure reduces living space for species.
• Climate Change: Alters habitats and forces species to migrate, adapt, or face extinction.
• Pollution: Contaminants from various sources degrade habitats and harm organisms.
• Overexploitation: Unsustainable practices like overfishing, hunting, and logging reduce species populations.
• Invasive Species: Non-native species disrupt local ecosystems by outcompeting or preying on native species.
• Land Use Changes: Urbanization and agricultural expansion alter landscapes and reduce habitat quality and availability.

Conserving biodiversity requires protecting habitats, regulating resource use, and addressing the impacts of climate change and pollution.

13. What is pollution, and what are the causes of water pollution, and how to prevent it?

Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or energies into the environment, causing negative impacts on ecosystems and human health.

Causes of Water Pollution:

• Industrial Discharges: Factories release pollutants such as chemicals and heavy metals into water bodies.
• Agricultural Runoff: Pesticides, fertilizers, and animal waste wash into rivers and lakes, causing nutrient pollution and eutrophication.
• Sewage and Wastewater: Untreated or inadequately treated sewage introduces pathogens and organic pollutants into water.
• Plastic Waste: Improper disposal of plastics leads to their accumulation in water bodies, harming aquatic life.
• Oil Spills: Accidental releases from oil drilling and transportation can severely contaminate marine and coastal environments.

Prevention Measures:

• Waste Treatment: Implementing effective sewage and industrial waste treatment processes.
• Sustainable Farming: Reducing the use of

PART A

1. Write the cause of loss of biodiversity.

Biodiversity loss is driven by several factors:

• Habitat Destruction: Activities like deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture convert natural habitats into altered landscapes, reducing the living space for many species.
• Climate Change: Altered weather patterns and temperature changes disrupt the habitats and survival of species.
• Pollution: Contaminants such as pesticides, plastics, and industrial waste degrade habitats and poison wildlife.
• Overexploitation: Unsustainable fishing, hunting, and harvesting diminish species populations faster than they can recover.
• Invasive Species: Non-native species introduced into ecosystems can outcompete, prey on, or introduce diseases to native species, disrupting local ecosystems.

2. Explain the Wildlife Protection Act.

The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, is a comprehensive law enacted in India to protect wildlife. Key features include:

• Prohibition of Hunting: The Act bans the hunting of endangered species and regulates the hunting of others.
• Protected Areas: Establishes wildlife sanctuaries and national parks to conserve natural habitats.
• Trade Regulation: Controls trade in wildlife and their derivatives to prevent exploitation.
• Conservation Initiatives: Encourages preservation and breeding of endangered species.
• Penalties: Imposes penalties for poaching, illegal trading, and destruction of habitats.

3. Mention drawbacks of wind energy.

Wind energy has several drawbacks:

• Intermittency: Wind is not always constant, leading to inconsistent energy production.
• Visual and Noise Impact: Wind turbines can be considered eyesores and produce noise, affecting nearby communities.
• Wildlife Threats: Turbines pose dangers to birds and bats, leading to fatalities.
• High Initial Costs: Significant investment is required for the installation and infrastructure of wind farms.
• Land Use: Large tracts of land are needed, potentially conflicting with other land uses.

4. State major components of an ecosystem.

An ecosystem comprises:

• Biotic Components: All living organisms within the ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
• Abiotic Components: Non-living elements like water, air, soil, and sunlight.
• Producers: Organisms, primarily plants and algae, that convert solar energy into food through photosynthesis.
• Consumers: Animals that consume other organisms for energy, including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
• Decomposers: Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi that break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

5. What are the causes of soil pollution?

Soil pollution is caused by:

• Industrial Waste: Disposal of toxic chemicals and heavy metals from industrial activities.
• Agricultural Practices: Overuse of pesticides and fertilizers contaminates the soil.
• Urban Waste: Improper disposal of household and municipal waste, including plastics and chemicals.
• Mining: Extraction processes release harmful substances into the soil.
• Deforestation: Loss of vegetation cover leads to soil erosion and nutrient depletion.

6. Why is it necessary to enact environmental law?

Environmental laws are crucial for:

• Ecosystem Protection: Conserving natural habitats and biodiversity from exploitation and degradation.
• Public Health: Reducing pollution to ensure clean air, water, and soil, protecting human health.
• Sustainable Development: Balancing economic growth with environmental preservation for future generations.
• Resource Management: Preventing over-exploitation of natural resources, ensuring their availability for the long term.
• Global Cooperation: Addressing international environmental issues like climate change and ozone depletion through coordinated efforts.

7. How does ozone protect life on Earth?

The ozone layer shields life on Earth by:

• Absorbing UV Radiation: It absorbs most of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV-B and UV-C) rays, preventing them from reaching the Earth’s surface.
• Reducing Health Risks: By filtering UV radiation, it lowers the incidence of skin cancers, cataracts, and other UV-related health issues in humans.
• Protecting Ecosystems: UV radiation can damage the DNA of plants and animals; the ozone layer helps safeguard terrestrial and aquatic life.
• Climate Regulation: It contributes to the thermal structure of the stratosphere, influencing weather and climate patterns.

8. What do you mean by watershed management?

Watershed management involves the integrated approach to managing water, soil, and other natural resources in a watershed to enhance and sustain its ecosystem and resources. Key aspects include:

• Water Conservation: Implementing practices to improve water retention and quality.
• Soil Erosion Control: Techniques like reforestation and terracing to prevent soil loss and degradation.
• Pollution Reduction: Minimizing contaminants from agricultural runoff, industrial discharges, and urban waste.
• Community Involvement: Engaging local communities in the management and protection of watershed resources.
• Holistic Planning: Coordinating land use, water use, and human activities to maintain the health and function of the watershed.

9. Write the reasons for changing climate.

Climate change is driven by:

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Burning fossil fuels releases CO₂ and other greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
• Deforestation: Reducing forest cover decreases CO₂ absorption, increasing atmospheric carbon levels.
• Industrial Activities: Manufacturing processes emit large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
• Agricultural Practices: Livestock produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and intensive farming releases nitrous oxide.
• Natural Factors: Volcanic eruptions, ocean currents, and solar radiation variations also influence the Earth’s climate.

10. Give detail on resources.

Resources are materials or assets used by humans for various purposes. They are categorized into:

• Natural Resources: Originating from the environment, including water, minerals, forests, and fossil fuels.
• Renewable Resources: Can be replenished naturally over short periods, such as solar, wind, and biomass energy.
• Non-renewable Resources: Exist in finite amounts and are depleted by use, such as oil, coal, and natural gas.
• Human Resources: Skills, knowledge, and abilities of people that contribute to economic productivity.
• Capital Resources: Man-made tools, machines, and infrastructure used in the production of goods and services.
• Cultural Resources: Heritage, traditions, and cultural values that enrich societies and contribute to identity and continuity.

PART B

11. What are Energy Resources? Give a detailed account of the uses and over-exploitation of energy resources.

Energy Resources: These are sources from which energy is derived to meet the needs of human activities. They include fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear energy, and renewable resources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass).

Uses of Energy Resources:

• Electricity Generation: Power plants convert energy resources into electricity for residential, commercial, and industrial use.
• Transportation: Fuels like gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel power vehicles, airplanes, and ships.
• Heating and Cooling: Natural gas, electricity, and other resources are used for space heating, cooling, and water heating.
• Industrial Processes: Manufacturing and production processes rely heavily on energy for operation.

Over-Exploitation of Energy Resources:

• Fossil Fuels: The extraction and use of coal, oil, and natural gas have led to their depletion and significant environmental damage, including greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming.
• Deforestation for Bioenergy: Clearing forests for biofuel production reduces biodiversity and carbon sequestration.
• Water Resources for Hydro Power: Excessive exploitation of rivers for hydroelectric power affects aquatic ecosystems and displaces communities.
• Nuclear Energy Risks: While providing large amounts of power, nuclear energy carries risks of accidents and long-term radioactive waste.

Sustainable management and a shift towards renewable energy sources are necessary to mitigate these impacts and ensure long-term availability of energy.

12. Define Biodiversity. Discuss the factors affecting biodiversity.

Biodiversity: This term encompasses the variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes and species to ecosystems. It includes the diversity within species (genetic diversity), between species (species diversity), and between ecosystems (ecosystem diversity).

Factors Affecting Biodiversity:

• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Conversion of natural habitats for agriculture, urban development, and infrastructure reduces the space available for species.
• Climate Change: Alters temperature and precipitation patterns, impacting species’ survival and forcing migrations.
• Pollution: Contaminants from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources degrade ecosystems and harm wildlife.
• Overexploitation: Unsustainable fishing, hunting, and logging reduce species populations and alter ecosystem dynamics.
• Invasive Species: Introduction of non-native species disrupts local ecosystems by outcompeting, preying on, or introducing diseases to native species.
• Land Use Changes: Urbanization, deforestation, and intensive farming alter landscapes and reduce habitat quality and availability.

Conservation efforts such as protected areas, habitat restoration, and sustainable resource management are crucial to preserving biodiversity.

13. What is pollution, and what are the causes of water pollution, and how to prevent it?

Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or energies into the environment, causing adverse effects on living organisms and natural systems.

Causes of Water Pollution:

• Industrial Discharges: Factories release pollutants like heavy metals, chemicals, and toxins into water bodies.
• Agricultural Runoff: Pesticides, fertilizers, and animal waste wash into rivers and lakes, causing nutrient pollution and eutrophication.
• Sewage and Wastewater: Untreated or inadequately treated sewage can introduce pathogens and organic pollutants into water bodies.
• Plastic Waste: Improperly disposed plastic products break down into microplastics, contaminating water

PART A

1. Write the cause of loss of biodiversity.

Biodiversity loss occurs due to several key factors:

• Habitat Destruction: Clearing forests, draining wetlands, and converting natural habitats for agriculture, urban development, or mining reduce the areas available for wildlife.
• Climate Change: Alters temperature and weather patterns, which affects the living conditions of many species, forcing them to adapt, migrate, or face extinction.
• Pollution: Contaminants from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources degrade ecosystems and poison organisms.
• Overexploitation: Unsustainable harvesting of resources, such as overfishing, hunting, and logging, diminishes species populations faster than they can recover.
• Invasive Species: Introduction of non-native species disrupts local ecosystems by outcompeting or preying on native species and spreading diseases.

2. Explain the Wildlife Protection Act.

The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 is a law enacted by India to safeguard wildlife. Its main features include:

• Prohibition of Hunting: The Act bans hunting of endangered species and regulates hunting of others.
• Protected Areas: Establishes national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves for habitat conservation.
• Regulation of Trade: Controls and restricts the trade of wildlife and wildlife products.
• Conservation Programs: Supports the breeding and preservation of endangered species.
• Penalties: Provides strict penalties for poaching, illegal trade, and destruction of habitats.

3. Mention drawbacks of wind energy.

Wind energy, while renewable and clean, has several disadvantages:

• Intermittent Energy Source: Wind is not always constant, leading to unreliable energy production.
• Visual and Noise Pollution: Wind turbines can be considered unsightly and generate noise that may disturb nearby residents.
• Wildlife Impact: Turbines can harm birds and bats, leading to fatalities.
• High Initial Costs: Setting up wind farms involves substantial investment.
• Land Use: Large areas of land are required for wind farms, which can conflict with other land uses.

4. State major components of an ecosystem.

An ecosystem is composed of:

• Biotic Components: All living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
• Abiotic Components: Non-living elements like water, air, soil, and sunlight.
• Producers (Autotrophs): Organisms like plants and algae that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
• Consumers (Heterotrophs): Animals that consume other organisms for energy, including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
• Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi that break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

5. What are the causes of soil pollution?

Soil pollution is caused by:

• Industrial Waste: Disposal of toxic chemicals and heavy metals from factories into the soil.
• Agricultural Practices: Excessive use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers contaminates the soil.
• Urban Waste: Improper disposal of household and municipal waste introduces pollutants into the soil.
• Deforestation: Leads to soil erosion and loss of fertile topsoil.
• Mining Activities: Release harmful substances into the soil during extraction processes.

6. Why is it necessary to enact environmental law?

Environmental laws are essential for:

• Protection of Natural Resources: They ensure the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Public Health: Reduce pollution to protect human health.
• Sustainable Development: Balance economic growth with environmental preservation for future generations.
• Preventing Overexploitation: Regulate the use of natural resources to prevent their depletion.
• Global Cooperation: Address global issues like climate change and ozone depletion through coordinated efforts.

7. How does ozone protect the life on Earth?

The ozone layer plays a crucial role in protecting life on Earth by:

• Absorbing UV Radiation: It absorbs most of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV-B and UV-C) rays, preventing them from reaching the Earth’s surface.
• Preventing Health Issues: By blocking UV radiation, it reduces the incidence of skin cancers, cataracts, and other UV-related health problems.
• Protecting Ecosystems: UV radiation can damage DNA in plants and animals; the ozone layer helps preserve biodiversity.
• Climate Regulation: It helps maintain atmospheric temperatures, influencing weather and climate patterns.

8. What do you mean by watershed management?

Watershed management involves the integrated approach to managing the land and water resources of a watershed to ensure its sustainable health and productivity. It includes:

• Water Conservation: Implementing practices to enhance water retention and reduce runoff.
• Soil Erosion Control: Techniques such as afforestation and terracing to prevent soil erosion.
• Pollution Control: Reducing the entry of pollutants from agricultural, industrial, and urban sources into water bodies.
• Community Involvement: Engaging local communities in the management and sustainable use of watershed resources.
• Holistic Planning: Coordinating land use, water use, and human activities to maintain the ecosystem balance and health of the watershed.

9. Write the reasons for changing climate.

Climate change is primarily driven by:

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation releases CO₂ and other greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
• Deforestation: Reduces the number of trees that can absorb CO₂, increasing atmospheric carbon levels.
• Industrial Activities: Manufacturing processes emit large quantities of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases.
• Agricultural Practices: Livestock produce methane, and the use of fertilizers releases nitrous oxide, both potent greenhouse gases.
• Natural Factors: Variations in solar radiation, volcanic eruptions, and natural climate cycles also contribute to climate change.

10. Give detail on resources.

Resources are materials or assets that can be utilized to produce goods, services, or fulfill human needs. They are classified as:

• Natural Resources: Elements derived from the environment, including water, minerals, forests, and fossil fuels.
• Renewable Resources: Naturally replenished over short periods, such as solar, wind, and biomass energy.
• Non-renewable Resources: Exist in finite amounts and are depleted by use, such as oil, coal, and natural gas.
• Human Resources: Skills, knowledge, and labor provided by people.
• Capital Resources: Man-made tools, machinery, and infrastructure used in production processes.
• Cultural Resources: Intangible assets like heritage, traditions, and languages that enrich societies and contribute to their identity and continuity.

PART B

11. What are Energy Resources? Give a detailed account of the uses and over-exploitation of energy resources.

Energy Resources: These are sources from which energy is derived to power human activities. They include fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear energy, and renewable resources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass).

Uses of Energy Resources:

• Electricity Generation: Power plants convert energy resources into electricity for residential, commercial, and industrial use.
• Transportation: Fuels like gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel power vehicles, planes, and ships.
• Heating and Cooling: Natural gas, electricity, and other resources are used for space heating, cooling, and water heating.
• Industrial Processes: Manufacturing and production heavily rely on energy for machinery and operations.

Over-Exploitation of Energy Resources:

• Fossil Fuels: Extensive use of coal, oil, and natural gas has led to their depletion and significant environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change.
• Deforestation for Bioenergy: Clearing forests for biofuel production reduces biodiversity and increases carbon emissions.
• Water Resources for Hydropower: Overuse of water for hydroelectric power affects aquatic ecosystems and can displace communities.
• Nuclear Energy Risks: While providing large amounts of energy, nuclear power poses risks of accidents and challenges in managing long-term radioactive waste.

Moving towards sustainable energy practices and increasing the use of renewable resources are essential to mitigate these impacts.

12. Define Biodiversity. Discuss the factors affecting biodiversity.

Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, encompassing genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It includes all living organisms, their genetic differences, and the ecosystems they form.

Factors Affecting Biodiversity:

• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Conversion of natural habitats for agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure reduces the space available for species.
• Climate Change: Alters temperature and precipitation patterns, impacting species’ survival and forcing migrations.
• Pollution: Contaminants from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources degrade ecosystems and harm organisms.
• Overexploitation: Unsustainable fishing, hunting, and logging reduce species populations and disrupt ecosystem balance.
• Invasive Species: Introduction of non-native species disrupts local ecosystems by outcompeting or preying on native species and spreading diseases.
• Land Use Changes: Urbanization, deforestation, and intensive farming alter landscapes and reduce habitat quality and availability.

Efforts such as establishing protected areas, restoring habitats, and promoting sustainable practices are critical for preserving biodiversity.

13. What is pollution, and what are the causes of water pollution, and how to prevent it?

Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or energies into the environment, causing adverse effects on living organisms and ecosystems.

Causes of Water Pollution:

• Industrial Discharges: Factories release pollutants like heavy metals, chemicals, and toxins into water bodies.
• Agricultural Runoff: Pesticides, fertilizers, and animal waste wash into rivers and lakes, causing nutrient pollution and eutrophication.
• Sewage and Wastewater: Untreated or inadequately treated sewage introduces pathogens and organic pollutants into water bodies.
• **Plastic Waste